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Essential Questions: How have social categories, roles, and practices changed and stayed the same since 1900?

An Era of Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- 1948- United Nations adopted a foundational document asserting basic rights and fundamental freedoms for all human beings.
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
- 1946- United Nations created UNICEF to provide food for children in Europe who were still suffering after the end of WWII.
- Set the foundation for humanitarian work- investigated abuses of human rights, such as genocide, war crimes, government oppression, and crimes against women.

International Court of Justice
- Judicial body set up by the original UN charter to settle disputes over international law that countries bring to it - World Court.
- Aimed to protect refugees who fled their home countries.
- Often works through NGOs ( non-governmental organizations) and UNHCR ( United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees).
- Earliest refugees helped were Palestinians in 1948.

Global Feminism
- 1979- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women outlined many rights and protections that are cornerstones of global feminism:
  - Right to vote and hold office
  - Right to freely choose a spouse
  - Right to access the same education as men
  - Right to access family planning resources and birth control
- January 21, 2017- Five million people stood together representing a global solidarity for women's rights.
Cultural and Religious Movements
- Negritude Movement - Movement in West Africa that emphasized pride in "blackness", the rejection of French colonial authority, and the right to self-determination.
  - Leopold Sedar Senghor- Sengal poet
- In the US- W.E.B. Du Bois, Richard Wright, and Langston Hughes wrote movingly about the multiple meanings of "blackness" in the world.
- 1960s- Black pride movement had its roots in the Negritude Movement.

Steps toward Gender Equality

Native American and African women did not have full voting rights until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Only British women over 30 who owned property could vote until 1928.
Aboriginal men and women did not gain the right to vote until 1962.

Steps toward Racial Equality

Civil Rights Act
- 1965- Discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin is outlawed.
- 1965- Discrimination in voting banned.

Uniting South Africa
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission- sought to restore and establish an atmosphere of trust in the new multiracial South Africa.
- Organized a series of 19 public hearings designed to expose the truth of human rights violation that occurred during apartheid.
Caste Reservation in India
- 1949- Outlawed discrimination against the Dalits, also known as untouchables. Pakistan followed in 1953.
- Caste reservation system- government guaranteed that a certain percentage of government and public sector jobs and enrollment in higher education would be set aside for people whose caste had conferred an underprivileged life.

Human Rights Repression in China

Tiananmen Square
- Tiananmen Square incident, also called June Fourth incident or 6/4.
- Series of protests and demonstrations in China in the spring of 1989 that culminated on the night of June 3–4 with a government crackdown on the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

Minority Rights in China
- China's communist government struggled with the demands of the nation's 55 ethnic minorities.
  - Tibetans wanted more autonomy or independence.
  - Uighur people were discriminated against religiously and politically.
  - Mongolians protested the presence and environmental damages caused by the Han in Mongolia.

Steps toward Environmental Repair

Earth Day
- April 22 1970- A day for people to focus on environmental awareness.
- 174 countries observe and participate.
Greenpeace
- 1971- multinational agency with offices in 55 countries that battle deforestation, desertification, global warming, the killing of whales, and overfishing.
- Engages in lobbying and education- also famous for direct action .
Green Belt Movement
- 1977- Kenan activist Wangari Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement- a direct response to the environmental degradation resulting from the colonial experience.
- Women in Kenya were reporting that streams were drying up and food supply was unpredictable.
- The movement helped women work together to plant trees to improve the soil and collect rainwater.

Steps toward Economic Fairness

- World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO) 1989- subscribed to 10 principles of fair trade.